Unit3
Vocabulary
・rank：
(n.)a particular position, higher or lower than others
・destination：
(n.)a place where someone is going or where something is being sent or taken
・ancient：/ˈeɪnʃənt/
(adj.)of or from a long time ago
・ruin：/ˈruːɪn/
(n.)the parts of a building that remain after it has been destroyed or severly damaged
・a dock：/dɒk/
(n.)an area of water in a port where goods are put onto and taken off ships, or ships are repaired
・a bay：
(n.)a part of the coast where the land curves in so that the sea is surrounded by land on three sides
・a cathedral：/kəˈθiːdrəl/
(n.)a large and important church
・a cliff：
(n.)a high area of rock with a very steep side, often on a coast
・a monument：
(n.)a building or statue that has special historical importance
・a palace：/ˈpæləs/
(n.)a large house that is the official home of a king, queen, or other person of high social rank
・a harbour：
(n.)an area of water next to the coast, often protected from the sea by a thick wall, where ships and boats can shelter
・unpredictable：/ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəbl/
(adj.)that cannot be predicted because it changes a lot or depends on too many different things
・resilient：
(adj.)able to recover quickly after something unplesant such as shock, injury…
・resourceful：
(adj.)good at finding ways of doing things and solving problems
・be composed of：
(phrase)to be formed from various things, made of
・fill：
(v.)make full
・orthodox：
(adj.)a part of the religion
・conservative：/kənˈsɜːvətɪv/
(adj.)opposed to great or sudden social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles and values
・exposed：
(adj.)able to easily harmed, influenced, or attacked
・isolated：
(adj.)not near to other places
・fascinate：/ˈfæsɪneɪt/
(v.) to attract or interest somebody very much
・obsessed：/əbˈsest/
(adj.)unable to stop thinking about something ; too ibterested in or worried about something
・flock to：
(v.)to move, come or gather together in large numbers
・whether：
(coj.)to show that something is true in either of two cases, if or not
・congregate：
(v.)to come together in a large group of people or animals
・fun fact：
is used to tell about additional information
Present Perfect
Function
①Life experience (doesn’t continue to the present)
②Unfinished past (can continue to the present)
③Recent past
Expressions
already
recently
several times
for
so far
since
yet
in the last year
for：duration
since：starting point
Present Perfect / Past Simple
Present Perfect
・focus on the experiene, not focus on when
・finished & unfinished
Past Simple
・finished
・focus on time
Expressions (Past Simple)
the day before yesterday
yesterday
when I was a child
a week ago
in 2022
last week
for
before
after
gone / been
gone：
went & not back
been：
went & back
Present Perfect Continuous
①duration/ time
②temporary/ explain a result
PPC→emphasizes the result of an action
informal Writing
・abbreviations /əˌbriː.viˈeɪ.ʃən/：a short form of a word：GPS, PC, AC,,,
・comments in brackets
・contractions
・informal expressions
・omitting words：leave out
・exclamation marks：！
・listing
コメント